Errata

Note: page numbers refer to the hardcover edition.

Page 14, footnote: “117 cups of raw spinach” should be "232 cups of raw spinach”

Page 80: “she doesn’t even have suck” should be “she doesn’t even have to suck” Thanks to Ryan for catching this typo!

Page 107: “But that’s another book” should be “But that’s another book.” Thanks to Kelsie for catching this typo!

Page 116: “This type of theorizing” should more correctly be “This type of hypothesizing” Thanks to Ryan for catching this!

Page 144: “more than double vest A” should be “more than double vest B.”

Page 205: “younger, taller, more physically active,” in the italicized section should be “younger, taller, less physically active” and “older, shorter, less physically active” should be “older, shorter, more physically active.” (This does not affect the interpretation of the study.) Thanks to Andrea H for catching this typo!

Page 249: I made the common mistake of miscounting birthdays. A person who is celebrating their 10th birthday has already been alive for 10 years, so the day after their 10th birthday is the start of their 11th year. So the text “Do you, thirty-three-year-old birthday woman, see the small but not- quite-zero 0.0884 percent risk you’ll die during your thirty-third year, or the 99.9116 percent (almost) guarantee you will survive to your thirty-fourth?” should actually read “Do you, thirty-two-year-old birthday woman, see the small but not- quite-zero 0.0884 percent risk you’ll die during your thirty-third year, or the 99.9116 percent (almost) guarantee you will survive to your thirty-fourth?” (The numbers in the table are all correct.) Thanks to Stephen J and Andrew F and for pointing out this error!

Page 251: “20,200 percent” should be “2,020 percent.”

Page 256 : “cut to be” should be “out to be.” Thanks to Jeanie for catching this typo!

Page 258: “2.5-pack-a-day” should be “1.25-pack-a-day” Thanks to David for catching this typo!

Page 281: The patient scores for the prayer vs. no-prayer groups are incorrect. The sentence should read, “Well, if you add up all the points in the prayer group and divide by the number of patients, you get 6.4 points per patient. If you do the same for the no-prayer group, you get . . . 7.1 points per patient.” (This does not affect the interpretation of the results.) Thanks to Kurtis S and Jim B for catching this typo!

Sources

Rather than waste a bunch of paper at the end of the book, I’m putting my full source list online. If you see a broken link or other issue, feel free to shoot me a note.

Jump to a particular chapter:

Chapter 1: Processed Food Is Bad for You, Right?

Chapter 2: Plants Are Trying to Kill You

Chapter 3: Microbes Are Trying to Eat Your Food

Chapter 4: The Smoking Gun, or What Certainty Looks Like

Chapter 5: Sunburnt to a Crisp, or What Less Certainty Looks Like

Chapter 6: Is Coffee the Elixir of Life or Blood of the Devil?

Chapter 7: Associations, or the Grapes of Math

Chapter 8: What's That Public Pool Smell Made Of?

Chapter 9: You're Late for a Very Important Date

Chapter 10: So What Do I Do?

Epilogue

Appendix: Does Prayer Reduce the Risk of Death?


Chapter 1: Processed Food Is Bad for You, Right?

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  54. Jamieson, Alex. 2006. The Great American Detox Diet. Rodale Books. Link
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  59. Jones, David S. 2019. “Interview.”
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  62. Keith, SW, DT Redden, PT Katzmarzyk, MM Boggiano, EC Hanlon, RM Benca, D Ruden, A Pietrobelli, JL Barger, KR Fontaine, C Wang, LJ Aronne, SM Wright, M Baskin, NV Dhurandhar, MC Lijoi, CM Grilo, M DeLuca, AO Westfall, and DB Allison. 2006. “Putative Contributors to the Secular Increase in Obesity: Exploring the Roads Less Traveled.” Int J Obes (Lond) 30 (11): 1585–94. Link
  63. Kingsford, Anna Bonus. 1889. The Perfect Way in Diet: A Treatise Advocating a Return to the Natural and Ancient Food of Our Race. K. Paul, Trench, & Company. Link
  64. Kleiner, Susan M, and Bob Condor. 2009. The Good Mood Diet. Grand Central Life & Style. Link
  65. Klurfeld, David M. 2019. “Interview.”
  66. Koerner, Brendan I. 2010. Making Cheetos: It Ain’t Easy Being Cheesy. Wired. Link
  67. Ladas, Gregory J. E. 2009. The Couch Potato Diet. Tate Publishing. Link
  68. Manning, Evan M. “How Many Days Are in a Year?” 1997. https://pumas.jpl.nasa.gov/files/04_21_97_1.pdf. Retrieved on 12/23/2019. Link
  69. Martín-Calvo, N, and MÁ Martínez-González. 2018. “Controversy and Debate: Memory-Based Dietary Assessment Methods Paper 2.” J Clin Epidemiol Link
  70. McCord, Holly. 2001. The Peanut Butter Diet. Macmillan. Link
  71. Mendonça, Raquel de Deus, Aline Cristine Souza Lopes, Adriano Marçal Pimenta, Alfredo Gea, Miguel Angel Martinez-Gonzalez, and Maira Bes-Rastrollo. 2016. “Ultra-Processed Food Consumption and the Incidence of Hypertension in a Mediterranean Cohort: The Seguimiento Universidad De Navarra Project.” American Journal of Hypertension hpw137. Link
  72. Mendonça, RD, AM Pimenta, A Gea, C de la Fuente-Arrillaga, MA Martinez-Gonzalez, AC Lopes, and M Bes-Rastrollo. 2016. “Ultraprocessed Food Consumption and Risk of Overweight and Obesity: The University of Navarra Follow-Up (Sun) Cohort Study.” Am J Clin Nutr 104 (5): 1433–40. Link
  73. Monteiro, CA. 2019. “Interview (E-Mail).”
  74. Monteiro, CA, G Cannon, JC Moubarac, RB Levy, MLC Louzada, and PC Jaime. 2017. “The Un Decade of Nutrition, the Nova Food Classification and the Trouble With Ultra-Processing.” Public Health Nutr 21 (1): 5–17. Link
  75. Monteiro, Carlos A, Geoffrey Cannon, Renata Levy, Jean-Claude Moubarac, Patricia Jaime, Ana Paula Martins, Daniela Canella, Maria Louzada, and Diana Parra. 2016. “Nova. The Star Shines Bright.” World Nutrition 7 (1-3): 28–38. Link
  76. Monteiro, Carlos Augusto, Geoffrey Cannon, Mark Lawrence, Maria Laura da Costa Louzada, and Priscila Pereira Machado. 2019. “Ultra-Processed Foods, Diet Quality, and Health Using the Nova Classification System.” FAO: Rome Link
  77. Moreno, Mike. 2012. The 17 Day Diet Cookbook. Simon and Schuster. Link
  78. Moubarac, JC. 2015. “Ultra-Processed Food and Drink Products in Latin America: Trends, Impact on Obesity, Policy Implications.” Pan American Health Organization World Health Organization: Washington, DC, USA 14 Suppl 2 1–58. Link
  79. Moubarac, JC, DC Parra, G Cannon, and CA Monteiro. 2014. “Food Classification Systems Based on Food Processing: Significance and Implications for Policies and Actions: A Systematic Literature Review and Assessment.” Curr Obes Rep 3 (2): 256–72. Link
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Chapter 2: Plants Are Trying to Kill You

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  39. Gleadow, Roslyn. “Plants That Kill - How Climate Change is Changing Our Food.” 2017. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5UXhyDMjeF4. Retrieved on 12/15/2019. Link
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  129. Wondrak, Georg T. 2016. “Skin Stress Response Pathways.” Link
  130. 2005. “Bomb Parameters.” In Reassessment of the atomic bomb radiation dosimetry for Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Dosimetry system 2002. DS02. Volume 1, edited by Robert W Young, and George D Kerr, Link

Chapter 6: Is Coffee the Elixir of Life or Blood of the Devil?

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Chapter 7: Associations, or the Grapes of Math

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  3. Allison, David B. 2019. “Interview.”
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  5. Allison, David B., Michelle S. Williams, Gregory A. Hand, John M. Jakicic, and Kevin R. Fontaine. 2015. “Conclusion of “Nordic Walking for Geriatric Rehabilitation: A Randomized Pilot Trial” is Based on Faulty Statistical Analysis and is Inaccurate.” Disability and Rehabilitation 37 (18): 1692–93. Link
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  8. Boutron, Isabelle, and Philippe Ravaud. 2018. “Misrepresentation and Distortion of Research in Biomedical Literature.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115 (11): 2613–19. Link
  9. Brown, Andrew W., Kathryn A. Kaiser, and David B. Allison. 2018. “Issues With Data and Analyses: Errors, Underlying Themes, and Potential Solutions.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115 (11): 2563–70. Link
  10. Brown, AW, MM Bohan Brown, and DB Allison. 2013. “Belief Beyond the Evidence: Using the Proposed Effect of Breakfast on Obesity to Show 2 Practices That Distort Scientific Evidence.” Am J Clin Nutr 98 (5): 1298–308. Link
  11. Brown, AW, KD Hall, D Thomas, NV Dhurandhar, SB Heymsfield, and DB Allison. 2014. “Order of Magnitude Misestimation of Weight Effects of Children's Meal Policy Proposals.” Child Obes 10 (6): 542–44. Link
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  13. Cole, GD, MJ Shun-Shin, AN Nowbar, KG Buell, F Al-Mayahi, D Zargaran, S Mahmood, B Singh, M Mielewczik, and DP Francis. 2015. “Difficulty in Detecting Discrepancies in a Clinical Trial Report: 260-Reader Evaluation.” Int J Epidemiol 44 (3): 862–69. Link
  14. Cope, MB, and DB Allison. 2010. “White Hat Bias: Examples of Its Presence in Obesity Research and a Call for Renewed Commitment to Faithfulness in Research Reporting.” Int J Obes (Lond) 34 (1): 84–8; discussion 83. Link
  15. “Dynamic Mediterranean Prospective Cohort: The Sun Project.” https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/study/NCT02669602. Retrieved on 2/12/2019. Link
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  17. Estruch, R, E Ros, J Salas-Salvadó, MI Covas, D Corella, F Arós, E Gómez-Gracia, V Ruiz-Gutiérrez, M Fiol, J Lapetra, RM Lamuela-Raventos, L Serra-Majem, X Pintó, J Basora, MA Muñoz, JV Sorlí, JA Martínez, and MA Martínez-González. 2018. “Retraction and Republication: Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease With a Mediterranean Diet. N Engl J Med 2013;368:1279-90.” N Engl J Med 378 (25): 2441–42. Link
  18. Fanelli, Daniele. 2009. “How Many Scientists Fabricate and Falsify Research? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Survey Data.” PLoS ONE 4 (5): e5738. Link
  19. Fang, FC, RG Steen, and A Casadevall. 2012. “Misconduct Accounts for the Majority of Retracted Scientific Publications.” Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 109 (42): 17028–33. Link
  20. “Fast Facts on Us Hospitals.” 2020. https://www.aha.org/system/files/media/file/2020/01/2020-aha-hospital-fast-facts-new-Jan-2020.pdf. Retrieved on 1/11/2020. Link
  21. Fiolet, T, B Srour, L Sellem, E Kesse-Guyot, B Allès, C Méjean, M Deschasaux, P Fassier, P Latino-Martel, M Beslay, S Hercberg, C Lavalette, CA Monteiro, C Julia, and M Touvier. 2018. “Consumption of Ultra-Processed Foods and Cancer Risk: Results From Nutrinet-Santé Prospective Cohort.” BMJ 360 k322. Link
  22. George, BJ, TM Beasley, AW Brown, J Dawson, R Dimova, J Divers, TU Goldsby, M Heo, KA Kaiser, SW Keith, MY Kim, P Li, T Mehta, JM Oakes, A Skinner, E Stuart, and DB Allison. 2016. “Common Scientific and Statistical Errors in Obesity Research.” Obesity (Silver Spring) 24 (4): 781–90. Link
  23. George, BJ, TU Goldsby, AW Brown, P Li, and DB Allison. 2016. “Unsubstantiated Conclusions From Improper Statistical Design and Analysis of a Randomized Controlled Trial.” Int J Yoga 9 (1): 87–88. Link
  24. George, Brandon J, Andrew W Brown, and David B Allison. 2015. “Errors in Statistical Analysis and Questionable Randomization Lead to Unreliable Conclusions.” J Paramed Sci 6 (3): 153–54. Link
  25. Gigerenzer, Gerd. 2018. “Statistical Rituals: The Replication Delusion and How We Got There.” Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science 2515245918771329. Link
  26. Greenland, S, SJ Senn, KJ Rothman, JB Carlin, C Poole, SN Goodman, and DG Altman. 2016. “Statistical Tests, P Values, Confidence Intervals, and Power: A Guide to Misinterpretations.” Eur J Epidemiol 31 (4): 337–50. Link
  27. Greenland, Sander. 2008. “Multiple Comparisons and Association Selection in General Epidemiology.” International journal of epidemiology 37 (3): 430–34. Link
  28. Greenland, Sander, and Charles Poole. 2010. “Problems in Common Interpretations of Statistics in Scientific Articles, Expert Reports, and Testimony.” Jurimetrics 51 113. Link
  29. Hamblin, James. 2018. A Credibility Crisis in Food Science. The Atlantic. Link
  30. “John Ioannidis: The Role of Bias in Nutritional Research.” 2018. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KTAbx4i8Dyg&index=17&list=PLqX9CJC6-DiX2B4CqWxydd73yF87hBd0Q. Retrieved on 1/11/2020. Link
  31. Katan, Martijn. 2019. “Interview.”
  32. Kaufman, JS. 2019. “Interview (E-Mail).”
  33. Kyriacou, Demetrios N. 2016. “The Enduring Evolution of the P Value.” Jama 315 (11): 1113–15. Link
  34. Lee, Stephanie M. 2018. Here’s How Cornell Scientist Brian Wansink Turned Shoddy Data Into Viral Studies About How We Eat. BuzzFeed News. Link
  35. Mendonça, Raquel de Deus, Aline Cristine Souza Lopes, Adriano Marçal Pimenta, Alfredo Gea, Miguel Angel Martinez-Gonzalez, and Maira Bes-Rastrollo. 2016. “Ultra-Processed Food Consumption and the Incidence of Hypertension in a Mediterranean Cohort: The Seguimiento Universidad De Navarra Project.” American Journal of Hypertension hpw137. Link
  36. Mendonça, RD, AM Pimenta, A Gea, C de la Fuente-Arrillaga, MA Martinez-Gonzalez, AC Lopes, and M Bes-Rastrollo. 2016. “Ultraprocessed Food Consumption and Risk of Overweight and Obesity: The University of Navarra Follow-Up (Sun) Cohort Study.” Am J Clin Nutr 104 (5): 1433–40. Link
  37. Nelson, Leif D, Joseph Simmons, and Uri Simonsohn. 2018. “Psychology's Renaissance.” Annual review of psychology 69 511–34. Link
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  41. Nuzzo, RL. 2015. “The Inverse Fallacy and Interpreting P Values.” PM R 7 (3): 311–14. Link
  42. O’Connor, Anahad. 2018. More Evidence That Nutrition Studies Don’t Always Add Up. The New York Times. Link
  43. Phillips, CV, RF MacLehose, and JS Kaufman. 2008. “(Errors in Statistical Tests)3.” Emerg Themes Epidemiol 5 9. Link
  44. Pupovac, V, and D Fanelli. 2015. “Scientists Admitting to Plagiarism: A Meta-Analysis of Surveys.” Sci Eng Ethics 21 (5): 1331–52. Link
  45. Quinn, RR, A Laupacis, JE Hux, MJ Oliver, and PC Austin. 2011. “Predicting the Risk of 1-Year Mortality in Incident Dialysis Patients: Accounting for Case-Mix Severity in Studies Using Administrative Data.” Med Care 49 (3): 257–66. Link
  46. Rosenberg, Eli, and Herman Wong. 2018. This Ivy League Food Scientist Was a Media Darling. He Just Submitted His Resignation, the School Says. The Washington Post. Link
  47. Schnabel, L, E Kesse-Guyot, B Allès, M Touvier, B Srour, S Hercberg, C Buscail, and C Julia. 2019. “Association Between Ultraprocessed Food Consumption and Risk of Mortality Among Middle-Aged Adults in France.” JAMA Intern Med Link
  48. Schnabel, Laure, Camille Buscail, Jean-Marc Sabate, Michel Bouchoucha, Emmanuelle Kesse-Guyot, Benjamin Allès, Mathilde Touvier, Carlos A. Monteiro, Serge Hercberg, Robert Benamouzig, and Chantal Julia. 2018. “Association Between Ultra-Processed Food Consumption and Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders: Results From the French Nutrinet-Santé Cohort.” The American Journal of Gastroenterology 113 (8): 1217–28. Link
  49. Seguí-Gómez, M, C de la Fuente, Z Vázquez, J de Irala, and MA Martínez-González. 2006. “Cohort Profile: The 'Seguimiento Universidad De Navarra' (Sun) Study.” Int J Epidemiol 35 (6): 1417–22. Link
  50. Sertkaya, Aylin, Anna Birkenbach, Ayesha Berlind, and John Eyraud. 2014. “Examination of Clinical Trial Costs and Barriers for Drug Development.” Report, US Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation, Washington, DC 1–92. Link
  51. Simonsohn, U. 2013. “Just Post it: The Lesson From Two Cases of Fabricated Data Detected By Statistics Alone.” Psychol Sci 24 (10): 1875–88. Link
  52. Smith, GD. 2019. “Interview.”
  53. Strauer, BE, M Yousef, and CM Schannwell. 2010. “The Acute and Long-Term Effects of Intracoronary Stem Cell Transplantation in 191 Patients With Chronic Heart Failure: The Star-Heart Study.” Eur J Heart Fail 12 (7): 721–29. Link
  54. Streiner, DL. 2015. “Best (But Oft-Forgotten) Practices: The Multiple Problems of Multiplicity-Whether and How to Correct for Many Statistical Tests.” Am J Clin Nutr 102 (4): 721–28. Link
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  56. Thomas, CD. 2019. “Interview (E-Mail).”
  57. Thomas, DM, A Brown, JA Dawson, P Li, SB Heymsfield, and DB Allison. 2015. “Letter to the Editor: Exceptional Data in Paper on "the Effect of Meridian Massage on Bm, Bmi, Wc and Hc in Simple Obesity Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial".” World J Acupunct Moxibustion 25 (1): 66–67. Link
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Chapter 8: What's That Public Pool Smell Made Of?

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  4. Bier, Dennis M. 2017. “Nutrition From the Inside Out.” Annual review of nutrition 37 1–31. Link
  5. Bier, Dennis M. 2019. “Interview.”
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  7. Casazza, K, KR Fontaine, A Astrup, LL Birch, AW Brown, MM Bohan Brown, N Durant, G Dutton, EM Foster, SB Heymsfield, K McIver, T Mehta, N Menachemi, PK Newby, R Pate, BJ Rolls, B Sen, DL Smith, DM Thomas, and DB Allison. 2013. “Myths, Presumptions, and Facts About Obesity.” N Engl J Med 368 (5): 446–54. Link
  8. Chepelev, NL, R Gagné, T Maynor, B Kuo, CA Hobbs, L Recio, and CL Yauk. 2017. “Transcriptional Profiling of Male F344 Rats Suggests the Involvement of Calcium Signaling in the Mode of Action of Acrylamide-Induced Thyroid Cancer.” Food Chem Toxicol 107 (Pt A): 186–200. Link
  9. Danziger, John, and Andrew J. Zimolzak. 2016. “Residual Confounding Lurking in Big Data: A Source of Error.” In Secondary Analysis of Electronic Health Records, 71–78. Cham: Springer International Publishing. Link
  10. Deaton, A, and N Cartwright. 2018. “Understanding and Misunderstanding Randomized Controlled Trials.” Soc Sci Med 210 2–21. Link
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  12. Ejima, K, P Li, DL Smith, TR Nagy, I Kadish, T van Groen, JA Dawson, Y Yang, A Patki, and DB Allison. 2016. “Observational Research Rigour Alone Does Not Justify Causal Inference.” Eur J Clin Invest 46 (12): 985–93. Link
  13. Farah, Adriana. 2012. “Coffee Constituents.” In 1, edited by Yi-Fang Chu, 22–58. Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford, UK. Link
  14. Feldman, Donna. “Cheesecake Factory Calories.” 2013. https://radionutrition.com/2013/04/29/calorie-spotting-cheesecake-factory/. Retrieved on 9/11/2019. Link
  15. Fewell, Z, G Davey Smith, and JA Sterne. 2007. “The Impact of Residual and Unmeasured Confounding in Epidemiologic Studies: A Simulation Study.” Am J Epidemiol 166 (6): 646–55. Link
  16. Fiolet, T, B Srour, L Sellem, E Kesse-Guyot, B Allès, C Méjean, M Deschasaux, P Fassier, P Latino-Martel, M Beslay, S Hercberg, C Lavalette, CA Monteiro, C Julia, and M Touvier. 2018. “Consumption of Ultra-Processed Foods and Cancer Risk: Results From Nutrinet-Santé Prospective Cohort.” BMJ 360 k322. Link
  17. Galarraga, V, and P Boffetta. 2016. “Coffee Drinking and Risk of Lung Cancer-a Meta-Analysis.” Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 25 (6): 951–57. Link
  18. Guyatt, GH. 2019. “Interview.”
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Chapter 9: You're Late for a Very Important Date

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Chapter 10: So What Do I Do?

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  50. Spiegelhalter, David. 2017. “Risk and Uncertainty Communication.” Annual Review of Statistics and Its Application 4 (1): 31–60. Link
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  54. van Raalte, Alyson. 2019. “E-Mail.”
  55. van Raalte, Alyson. 2019. “Interview.”
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Epilogue

  1. Brandt, Allan M. 2007. The Cigarette Century: The Rise, Fall, and Deadly Persistence of the Product That Defined America. Basic Books (AZ).
  2. Brownell, KD. 2019. “Interview (E-Mail).”
  3. Brownell, KD, T Farley, WC Willett, BM Popkin, FJ Chaloupka, JW Thompson, and DS Ludwig. 2009. “The Public Health and Economic Benefits of Taxing Sugar-Sweetened Beverages.” N Engl J Med 361 (16): 1599–605. Link
  4. Brownell, KD, and TR Frieden. 2009. “Ounces of Prevention--the Public Policy Case for Taxes on Sugared Beverages.” N Engl J Med 360 (18): 1805–8. Link
  5. Brownell, KD, R Kersh, DS Ludwig, RC Post, RM Puhl, MB Schwartz, and WC Willett. 2010. “Personal Responsibility and Obesity: A Constructive Approach to a Controversial Issue.” Health Aff (Millwood) 29 (3): 379–87. Link
  6. Brownell, Kelly D, and Kenneth E Warner. 2009. “The Perils of Ignoring History: Big Tobacco Played Dirty and Millions Died. How Similar is Big Food.” The Milbank Quarterly 87 (1): 259–94. Link
  7. Engelman, Michal. 2019. “Interview (E-Mail).”
  8. Hall, KD, A Ayuketah, R Brychta, H Cai, T Cassimatis, KY Chen, ST Chung, E Costa, A Courville, V Darcey, LA Fletcher, CG Forde, AM Gharib, J Guo, R Howard, PV Joseph, S McGehee, R Ouwerkerk, K Raisinger, I Rozga, M Stagliano, M Walter, PJ Walter, S Yang, and M Zhou. 2019. “Ultra-Processed Diets Cause Excess Calorie Intake and Weight Gain: An Inpatient Randomized Controlled Trial of Ad Libitum Food Intake.” Cell Metab Link
  9. Ifland, J, HG Preuss, MT Marcus, KM Rourke, W Taylor, and H Theresa Wright. 2015. “Clearing the Confusion Around Processed Food Addiction.” J Am Coll Nutr 34 (3): 240–43. Link
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  11. Smith, Katherine. 2019. “Interview (E-Mail).”
  12. Wright, Jeremy. “Gastrotricha.” 2014. https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Gastrotricha/#lifespan_longevity. Retrieved on 1/13/2020. Link

Appendix: Does Prayer Reduce the Risk of Death?

  1. Byrd, Randolph C. 1988. “Positive Therapeutic Effects of Intercessory Prayer in a Coronary Care Unit Population.” Southern medical journal 81 (7): 826–29. Link
  2. Chibnall, John T, Joseph M Jeral, and Michael A Cerullo. 2001. “Experiments on Distant Intercessory Prayer: God, Science, and the Lesson of Massah.” Archives of Internal Medicine 161 (21): 2529–36. Link
  3. Halperin, Edward C. 2001. “Should Academic Medical Centers Conduct Clinical Trials of the Efficacy of Intercessory Prayer.” Academic Medicine 76 (8): 791–97. Link
  4. Harris, William S, Manohar Gowda, Jerry W Kolb, Christopher P Strychacz, James L Vacek, Philip G Jones, Alan Forker, James H O'keefe, and Ben D McCallister. 1999. “A Randomized, Controlled Trial of the Effects of Remote, Intercessory Prayer on Outcomes in Patients Admitted to the Coronary Care Unit.” Archives of Internal medicine 159 (19): 2273–78. Link
  5. Kim, ES, and TJ VanderWeele. 2019. “Mediators of the Association Between Religious Service Attendance and Mortality.” Am J Epidemiol 188 (1): 96–101. Link
  6. Kreisman, Steven. 1988. “Religion and Medicine.” Southern medical journal 81 (12): 1598. Link
  7. Li, Shanshan, Meir J. Stampfer, David R. Williams, and Tyler J. VanderWeele. 2016. “Association of Religious Service Attendance With Mortality Among Women.” JAMA Internal Medicine 176 (6): 777. Link
  8. Roberts, L, I Ahmed, S Hall, and A Davison. 2009. “Intercessory Prayer for the Alleviation of Ill Health.” Cochrane Database Syst Rev (2): CD000368. Link
  9. Sloan, RP et al. 2000. “Editor’s Correspondence.” Archives of Internal Medicine 160 (12): 1869–1869. Link